Глосарій до курсу "Контрастивна граматика"

• Language - a means of forming and storing ideas as reflec¬tions of reality and exchanging them in the process of human intercourse. It is social by nature. Language is a system of signs - meaningful units. The sign in language has only potential meaning. It is a system of means of expression.

• Speeсh - the manifestation of the system of language in the process of communication, the use of signs, the act of producing utterances and the utterances themselves. In speech the potential meaning is made situationally significant as part of the grammatically organized text. Grammar connects Language and Speech as it categorially determines the process of utterance production.

• Syntax - a part of grammar which studies word combinations and sentences, the syntactical relations between the elements in these combinations and the rules according to which they are combined.

• Morphology - a part of grammar concerned with studying morphemes words, morhological classes and morphological categories.

• Grammatical category - common features of a linguistic phenomenon of a certain class, having their grammatical form and grammatical meaning, a complicated unity of grammatical form and grammatical content (the category of number, mood, etc). Grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalised meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms ( marked : unmarked). Every grammatical category is characterised by the opposition, the categorial meaning and the function. For example, the category of number: plurality : singularity.

• Grammatical meaning - an abstract meaning of large meanings of words expressed by the formal grammatical marker: (“s” marks plurality (lawyers)).

• Grammatical form - a form marker or markers typical of a certain grammatical category.

• Phoneme - the smallest distinctive unit, has no meaning, is not a sign (big - pig ).

• Morpheme - a minimal meaningful unit (fault-s).

• Word - the smallest naming unit, a sign.

• Phrase - a combination of 2 or more syntactically connected words.

• Sentence - a predicative unit, a sign of a situational event.

• Textual unity - a combination of separate sentences.

• Predicativity - a reference to a situation which makes any word or a group of words a sentence. Predicativity is typical of every sentence in all languages. It is a linguistic universal.

• Modality - the expression of the speaker's attitude to the facts stated in the sentence. Facts may be real, unreal, desirable, imaginary, commands or requests. It is a linguistic universal.

• Intonation contour - a musical tone constituted by stress and pitch. Every sentence is marked by a peculiar intonation contour. Changing the intonation contour we change the thought. It is a linguistic universal.

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